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Apple's M1 processor highlights Intel's chip challenges

Apple's M1 processor highlights Intel's chip challenges

Apple's custom-built M1 processor and the new MacBook Airs, MacBook Pros and Mac Minis that use it are a problem for Intel. The divorce proceedings will last about two years as the prestigious customer gradually ejects Intel's chips from its personal computers. 

But Intel isn't doomed.

The Santa Clara, California, company has some advantages and options in the PC market that insulate it from Apple's threat. Other PC makers aren't going to have as easy a time as Apple in moving past Intel. Intel is still the leader in higher-end chips more powerful than the M1. And it's got enough money on hand -- $18.25 billion in cash, equivalents and investments -- to let it spend its way to a better situation.

"There isn't much near-term threat to Intel's PC business beyond losing one sizable customer," said Linley Group analyst Linley Gwennap. That doesn't mean it's going to be easy for Intel, though.

Giving Apple grounds for divorce is the latest of the chipmaker's whiffs. Earlier achievements, like charting decades of steady chip industry progress with Moore's Law, pioneering PC technology standards and powering Google's data centers, have been overshadowed by newer flubs. That includes losing its manufacturing lead and failing to tap into the smartphone market. Intel ultimately sold its cellular chip business to Apple for $1 billion.

Though Macs account for only about 8.5% of the PC market, according to IDC, Apple remains one of the biggest and most influential tech companies. Its MacBook Air models led the trend to slim but useful laptops, its MacBook Pro models remain popular with programmers and the creative set, and Apple profits from selling premium machines costing hundreds of dollars more than most Windows PCs.

Losing Apple's business will sting. New Street Research analyst Pierre Ferragu estimated in a Wednesday report that 4% to 5% of Intel's revenue comes from Apple. But it's just one of the concerns Intel will need to address.

Intel said it's "relentlessly" focused on building leading chips. "We welcome competition because it makes us better," Intel said in a statement. "We believe that there is a lot of innovation that only Intel can do," including supplying chips that span the full price range of PCs and that can run older software still common in businesses.

It's also built its first samples of the 2021 Alder Lake PC chips and expects improvements in 2022 and beyond. "We're increasingly confident in the leadership our 2023 products will deliver," the company said.

Intel faces several challenges along the way, though.

The Qualcomm worry

One of the biggest concerns tied to the arrival of Apple's M1 is that it could embolden another Intel rival, Qualcomm, which already sells mobile-based processors for PCs. 

The M1 is a member of the Arm family of processors that are used in every smartphone today. Qualcomm, a leading designer of those chips for Android phone makers, is pushing more-powerful versions of its Snapdragon chips for PCs, too, and several PC makers offer Windows laptops using them.

So far, though, Arm-based Windows laptops have shown lackluster performance and remain a rarity among customers. Arm PC makers have to prove better value and performance before more people adopt the machines, said CCS Insight analyst Wayne Lam.

Apple's transition to Arm-family M1 chips is also very different from Windows PC makers using Qualcomm chips. No PC maker is dumping Intel the way Apple is, so software makers don't need to worry as much about adapting their products for the new chip architecture. Though it might be nice to have, Qualcomm PC support isn't really essential.

The AMD threat

Intel is the dominant manufacturer of chips in the x86 family, which are the kind of processors you'd find in a normal laptop. But it's not the only x86 chipmaker.

"AMD is a greater threat in the near term," said Tirias Research's Kevin Krewell, who noted that PC makers aren't going to be quick to drop the industry standard family of x86 chips.

AMD has done well with high-end desktop processors, chiefly for gamers, and is making inroads in the server market, too. It's using Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Corp. for manufacturing, taking advantage of its miniaturization progress to cram more circuitry onto new chips. Its new Zen 3 chip design offers a substantial speed boost.

In contrast, Intel, which manufactures its own chips, has struggled. It's only now moving in earnest from an earlier manufacturing technology with 14-nanometer features to a newer 10nm process after years of delays. Even next year's Rocket Lake chip for desktop computers will still be built with the 14nm process. (A nanometer is a billionth of a meter, and the smaller the measurement, the more transistors you can cram into a chip.)

AMD's Ryzen 5000 processor family, with up to 16 processing cores, challenges Intel in gaming PCs.

AMD

New manufacturing options

Intel is giving itself new options, including the ability to use other manufacturers like TSMC to build its chips. That's got risks, too, though, Gwennap said.

Moving some manufacturing to a partner makes it harder for Intel to justify the expense of trying to develop cutting-edge manufacturing, according to Gwennap. And the possibility that Intel could reclaim manufacturing once it fixes its problems could spook TSMC away from investing enough to meet Intel's massive demand.

Intel didn't comment on its manufacturing plan details. It said its integrated design and manufacturing approach helps competitiveness and in letting Intel assure customers it can supply the chips they need. "We've also been clear we will continue investing in leading process technology development," Intel said.

Apple, in contrast, has benefited from TSMC's steadily improved manufacturing. It's one reason it can fit a whopping 16 billion transistors onto its M1 chip, enough circuitry to power the main processor engines along with lots of extra abilities.

Apple's M1 starts small

Over and over during the new Mac launch event, Apple emphasized the performance per watt advantages of the M1. Translate that as being able to do useful work without draining a laptop battery fast. 

Apple gets this advantage from the M1's lineage: the A series of processors that power iPhones. Smartphone chips have even stronger battery constraints than laptop chips. With the M1, a close relative of the iPhone 12's A14, Apple gets to add more transistor circuitry for more processing power and can run the chip at a higher clock speed than in phones, too.

Apple steadily increased A series chip performance for years, evolving the chip design and taking advantage of the prowess of TSMC, which manufactures the chips. Speed tests published by tech site Anandtech using the SPECint2006 benchmark show the A14 surpassing Intel's quad-core laptop chip, the 3GHz Core i7 1185G7 model that's a member of the new Tiger Lake processor family.

But the reality is that even Apple isn't ready to use the M1 in brawnier systems. The MacBook Air is all-in on M1, but Apple continues to rely on Intel for higher-powered 13-inch MacBook Pros. The 16-inch MacBook Pro, the iMac, the iMac Pro and the Mac Pro will continue to use Intel processors as Apple moves through a two-year transition to its own chips.

"It will get really interesting when Apple starts specifically optimizing its architecture for higher performance in a bigger thermal envelope and constant power for desktops," Techsponential analyst Avi Greengart said.

So yes, Intel has challenges. Apple's M1 is just the most obvious.

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Intel Shows Off the Chip Tech That Will Power Your PC in 2025

Intel Shows Off the Chip Tech That Will Power Your PC in 2025

Intel on Thursday showed a silicon wafer studded with chips built with a manufacturing process that's set to arrive in 2025, a signal intended to reassure customers that the company's years of chip manufacturing difficulties are behind it.

"We remain on or ahead of schedule against the timelines that we laid out," Chief Executive Pat Gelsinger said of the company's plan to improve manufacturing processes. He showed off a gleaming wafer of memory chips built with the company's upcoming Intel 18A process, which overhauls the transistors at the heart of chip circuitry and the way power is delivered to them.

Intel is trying to dramatically accelerate manufacturing progress to meet a 2025 goal of reclaiming the chip performance lead it lost to Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co. (TSMC) and Samsung. If it succeeds, it'll mean PC chips progress faster after a half decade of lackluster performance improvements. And it could mean Intel becomes more relevant to your digital life by building chips inside your car, phone and gaming PC graphics card.

At the heart of the effort is moving through five new manufacturing processes in four years: Intel 7 in 2021 with the Alder Lake chips now powering PCs, Intel 4 in 2022, Intel 3 in 2023, Intel 20A in early 2024 and Intel 18A in late 2024 -- though the lag between manufacturing availability and product delivery means 18A chips won't arrive until 2025. Showing the wafer is a "proof point" that Intel is on track, Gelsinger said.

Gelsinger, a chip engineer who returned to Intel a year ago, brings tech cred to the CEO job, but it'll be tough for the company to claw its way back. Once a chip manufacturer falls behind the leading edge, as IBM and GlobalFoundries did in recent years, it's harder to justify the colossal investments needed to advance to the new technology.

Embodying Intel's difficulty is Apple's decision to eject Intel Core processors from its Macs in favor of its own M series chips built by TSMC. At the same time, AMD has been gaining market share, Nvidia has been profiting from gaming and AI, and Amazon has introduced its own server processors.

Gelsinger spoke at Intel's investor day, where he and other executives sought to convince often skeptical analysts that the company's enormous spending on new chipmaking equipment will pay off. That will come through premium products and external customers arriving to use its new foundry manufacturing capacity.

Intel 20A introduces two major changes to chip design, RibbonFET and PowerVia, and Intel 18A refines it for better performance. RibbonFET is Intel's take on a transistor technology called gate all around, in which the gate that governs whether a transistor is on or off is wrapped entirely around ribbon-like channels that carry the electrical current.

And PowerVia delivers electrical power to the underside of the transistor, freeing the top surface for more data link circuitry. Intel is playing catch-up with RibbonFET, but it's got a lead with PowerVia, which the industry calls backside power delivery.

Intel is pressing with another lead -- packaging technology that links different "chiplets" into one more powerful processor. The Sapphire Lake member of Intel's Xeon server family arriving this year employs one packaging variety, called EMIB, while the Meteor Lake PC chip arriving in 2023 employs another, called Foveros.

Intel expects to keep up with Moore's Law, which calls for a doubling in the number of transistors per processor every two years. That'll happen through smaller transistors and new packaging techniques combining multiple "chiplets" into one processor.

Intel

Intel built its first Meteor Lake prototypes in the final quarter of 2021 with the Intel 4 process and booted them up in PCs, said Ann Kelleher, the executive vice president who leads Intel's technology development division.

"This is one of the best lead product startups we have seen in the last four generations of technology," Kelleher said. "Over its lifetime, Meteor Lake will ship hundreds of millions of units, offering the clearest demonstration of leadership packaging technologies in high volume."

Packaging will play a role in future PC processors, including Arrow Lake in 2024, which will incorporate the first chiplets built with Intel 20A. After that comes Lunar Lake, which will use Intel 18A chiplets. Meteor Lake and Arrow Lake will use a new graphics chip architecture that Intel promises will be "a huge step forward," which is important given that graphics chips these days do a lot more than paint pixels on your screen -- for example AI and video image processing.

Kelleher also detailed a host of research and manufacturing changes to prevent the catastrophic problems Intel faced in recent years. For one thing, improvements are now modular, so a problem with one needn't derail others. For another, Intel is developing contingency plans for when problems do arrive. And it's paying more attention to the advice of chip equipment suppliers like ASML.

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Intel's Alder Lake chip could speed PCs by 30% while saving battery power

Intel's Alder Lake chip could speed PCs by 30% while saving battery power

Intel's new Alder Lake processor could boost the performance of personal computers by as much as 30% while delivering longer battery life, a breakthrough the chipmaker credits to a hybrid design that marries modules for top speed with others for efficient operation. It's an approach that's been used for years in smartphones.

At its Architecture Day event on Thursday, Intel said Alder Lake chips will come in three broad classes to power mainstream laptops, ultralight laptops and beefier desktop PCs. The three classes will be modeled on smartphone chips that combine high-performance computing cores for demanding jobs with smaller efficient cores that don't sap as much energy.

The number of performance and efficiency cores differ for each variety, but the fastest model will have eight of each. Intel's diagrams showed mobile Alder Lake chips combining six performance cores with eight efficiency cores and ultramobile chips combining two performance cores with eight efficiency cores. The Alder Lake family of chips will be available in PCs this fall.

The power and efficiency boost over today's 11th-gen Core models code-named Tiger Lake are a crucial selling point now that we have grown to expect laptops that can run for an entire day unplugged. Intel already competes with Apple and its M1 Mac processor that delivers improved power and battery life.

"We want [to] combine the best of both best of both in one system," Raja Koduri, who runs Intel's Accelerated Computing Systems & Graphics group, said in an advance briefing. Alder Lake's hybrid approach will help chart Intel's course for the next decade, Intel said.

Alder Lake's hybrid architecture is a variation of the Big.Little design that chip designer Arm rolled out a decade ago and now dominates smartphones. Apple employs the same approach with the M1 chip, which began powering Macs in 2020 and likely will be upgraded for more powerful Macs expected this year.

Alder Lake marks an important moment of unification and simplification for Intel's chip product line. Intel has been juggling a hodgepodge of new and old designs as it struggled with delays to its manufacturing process. The company fell behind its competitors as it wrangled with the problems, with AMD chip designs gaining market share, Apple ejecting Intel chips from its Macs and Asian giants Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co. (TSMC) and Samsung leapfrogging Intel in chip manufacturing.

Now all Intel's PC chips will be built with a manufacturing process called Intel 7. The same goes for Alder Lake's big sibling, Sapphire Rapids, a server chip due to arrive in the first half of 2022. Reducing the complexity should lower Intel's costs.

The chips were designed before Pat Gelsinger rejoined Intel earlier this year as chief executive. But they're an important part of his attempt to reclaim Intel's lost chipmaking leadership. He's also overseeing Intel's launch of a foundry business that builds chips for other companies, including rival Qualcomm, and hiring rival TSMC to build parts of its own chips.

"Intel is getting back to the Intel of old," said Tirias Research analyst Kevin Krewell, with the company rebuilding its past technical and operational acumen.

How much faster and more efficient will Alder Lake be?

Intel has been cagey with details but released some measurements of Alder Lake.

An average of speed tests shows Alder Lake's performance cores, known by the code name Golden Cove, demonstrates a 19% boost over today's Tiger Lake chips while running at the same clock speed, said Adi Yoaz, director of the Intel Core architecture. "This is our largest architectural shift in over a decade," he said.

Intel Alder Lake processors likely will all come with eight high-efficiency cores, shown in blue, for lower priority tasks and battery-saving operations. The number of high-performance cores, shown in purple, will range from eight on beefy desktop processors to two on ultramobile devices.

Intel

The new manufacturing process should add another 10% to 15% through hardware refinements that improve attributes like clock speed. Together, that could mean a 30% or more boost in top speeds, a big step up from past annual improvements typically less than 10%.

For preserving battery life while running a set of lower priority tasks, the Gracemont efficient core's design improves Intel's over earlier Skylake design, which is still widely used even though it's six years old. While juggling four tasks at once, efficiency cores require a fifth the power of Skylake cores, said Intel chip architect Stephen Robinson.

Using a technology called Thread Director, Alder Lake will determine whether computing jobs should be assigned to performance or efficiency cores or be shuffled around as new tasks arrive. Thread Director requires support built into Microsoft's upcoming Windows 11, but the current Windows 10 will be able to tap into some of its multicore features, said Rajshree Chabukswar, an engineer on the Alder Lake team.

Intel buying chips from rival TSMC

At Architecture Day, Intel revealed that TSMC, the foundry that builds Apple iPhone and Mac chips, will build Alchemist, the first member of Intel's new Arc family of standalone graphics chips. The chip is due early next year.

TSMC will also build Intel-designed graphics chips core to Ponte Vecchio, a massive processor package with high-speed links between many different chip elements. Ponte Vecchio will be the main brains of the Energy Department's $500 million Aurora supercomputer at Argonne National Laboratory. (Slow development of the processor has delayed the arrival of that machine.)

Expect Ponte Vecchio's array of packaging technologies -- an Intel manufacturing advantage -- to trickle down to mainstream products, said Real World Technologies analyst David Kanter.

"Ponte Vecchio is the Lamborghini of the chip world. Will this become the Lexus and then become the Toyota?" he asked. "The answer is yes."

Other Alder Lake chip specs 

Alder Lake processors will come in varieties consuming as little as 9 watts for ultramobile devices and 125 watts for the beefy desktops used for the most demanding tasks like gaming and video editing.

The new chip is faster thanks to a variety of improvements in how it fetches instructions to execute, caches data instructions in high-speed memory, predicts the instructions it expects to run and recovers from mistakes in those predictions.

And it gets new instructions to execute artificial intelligence tasks with a technology called Advanced Matrix Extensions. AI is an immensely important new type of computer work, and many chip designers -- including Apple, Google, Qualcomm, Samsung, Arm and many startups -- are building dedicated AI acceleration electronics into chips.

Also built into Alder Lake are controllers to handle faster new memory standards, DDR5 (Double Data Rate 5) memory and, for mobile devices, LPDDR5 (Low Power Double Data Rate 5). Faster memory helps keep the processor fed with data so it doesn't have to spend as much time idling.

For connecting to the other devices like network controllers and graphics cards, Alder Lake chips debut support for the new fifth-generation PCI Express. That can double data transfer speed compared to PCIe 4.

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Apple's M1 Pro and M1 Max chips mean new trouble for Intel

Apple's M1 Pro and M1 Max chips mean new trouble for Intel

A year ago, Apple announced it was taking on Intel's most efficient chips by introducing lightweight MacBook laptops powered by the M1, a homegrown processor. On Monday, the consumer electronics giant expanded its challenge, launching MacBook Pro laptops built around the new M1 Pro and M1 Max that take on Intel's beefier chips.

The new MacBook Pros bode well for Apple's attempt to take firmer control over its products. And they're bad news for Intel, whose chips Apple is ejecting from its Macs after a 15-year partnership. It's a loss of revenue, prestige and orders to keep its factories running at full capacity.

"Intel has completely lost the Mac and is unlikely to regain it any time soon," New Street Research analyst Pierre Ferragu said in a research note Tuesday.

Intel didn't lose this big customer overnight. The company that was once synonymous with consumer computers -- remember Intel Inside? -- fell on hard times because of difficulties upgrading its manufacturing. New CEO Pat Gelsinger has started an Intel recovery plan, including an effort to revitalize manufacturing progress. But turning around a behemoth requires patience. 

Meet the Mac's new chips

Intel's troubles encouraged Apple to develop its own chip expertise and technology for computers. (It already designed its own A-series chips for the iPhone and iPad, and indeed the M-series chips capitalize on that investment.) The company's M1 processors, which came in last year's MacBook Air and low-end 13-inch MacBook Pro, were evidence it wanted to take control of its own future.

The M1 Pro and M1 Max demonstrate the company's increasing power as a chip designer. Both are designed for more capable models, the 14-inch and 16-inch Pros, geared for video editors, programmers and others with intense computing needs. The heft of the chips -- each of which sports eight performance and two efficiency cores, compared with the M1's four-by-four design -- is intended to sustain heavy work. They also come with much more powerful graphics processing power and memory, up to 16GB for the M1 Pro and 64GB for the M1 Max.

Miniaturization is what lets chip manufacturers economically squeeze in more transistors, a chip's electronic circuitry elements. The new M1 models are doozies of miniaturization, with 34 billion transistors in the M1 Pro and 57 billion in the M1 Max. That's how it could add special chip modules for graphics, video, AI, communications and security into its high-end MacBook Pros.

Intel's troubles

Intel, which for decades has led the world in chip technology, suffered for the last half decade as an upgrade to its manufacturing technology dragged on longer than the usual two years. The company's problem came as it tried to move from a 14-nanometer manufacturing process to 10nm, the next "node" of progress. (A nanometer is a billionth of a meter.)

Intel didn't respond to a request for comment. Apple didn't comment for this story.

Apple's chip foundry, Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co., took advantage of Intel's lag to the benefit of Apple, Nvidia, AMD and other Intel rivals. It now leads in electronics miniaturization and the all-important measurement of performance per watt of power consumed. 

The result is the M1 Pro and M1 Max, which according to Apple's measurements are 1.7 times faster than Intel's current eight-core Tiger Lake chips, formally called 11th generation Core. Compared differently, the M1 Pro and Max consume 70% less power than the Tiger Lake chips at the same performance level.

Apple doesn't reveal which speed tests it uses, so the results are hard to validate at this stage. The consensus, however, is that the performance claims are valid in broad terms.

"I am overall impressed at what Apple has been able to do on the latest process from TSMC," said Patrick Moorhead, analyst at Moor Insights and Strategy. He estimates that Apple saves a few hundred dollars per laptop because it doesn't have to buy Intel processors, although it spends a lot of that money designing its chips.

Don't count Intel out yet

To be sure, Intel won't be hurt badly by the loss of Apple's business. The company has plenty of other business. The vast majority of Windows PCs still use x86 processors from Intel and AMD. And customers only rarely change from Windows to MacOS or vice versa.

It also doesn't have a lot of competition. Apple doesn't license its chips to others, and Qualcomm's efforts to sell processors to PC makers has been a limited success at best. 

Intel mostly has to worry about AMD, which makes increasingly capable chips but still trails in market share.

Intel also has its Alder Lake processor, scheduled for later this year, and Meteor Lake processor, coming in 2023, to generate excitement. The chips will bring speed boosts in part by adopting a combination of performance and efficiency cores, just like the M1 does, and by adopting the new Intel 7 and Intel 4 manufacturing processes.

Still, Apple has taken wind out of Intel's sails. Intel may narrow the gap as its new chips hit the market. But in the meantime, Apple's M series could help it steal market share from Windows computers, Intel's stronghold.

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AMD's Ryzen 7000 Gives High-End PCs a 29% Speed Boost

AMD's Ryzen 7000 Gives High-End PCs a 29% Speed Boost

What's happening

AMD will begin shipping its Ryzen 7000 family of desktop processors, bringing a 29% speed boost to PCs favored by gamers and creative types like video editors and animators.

Why it matters

The new model, packaging three "chiplets" into one processor, keeps the pressure on Intel to so high-end PCs should get more powerful without massive price increases.

What's next

AMD is working on a more powerful Ryzen 7000 model with higher performance using the company's 3D V-Cache technology.

AMD on Monday revealed its Ryzen 7000 series of processors for desktop PCs, promising a 29% speed boost over the Ryzen 5000 line it began selling in 2020. The new models, which go on sale Sept. 27, are good news for gamers, video editors and anyone else who demands top performance.

The 29% speedup shows when running a single, important task. When measuring the performance of multitasking jobs that can span the top-end version of the processor's 16 total processing cores, the performance boost is 49%, Chief Technology Officer Mark Papermaster said in an exclusive interview. If you're happy with the same performance as a last-generation Ryzen 5000, the Ryzen 7000 line matches it while using 62% less power, he said.

The most expensive model, the Ryzen 9 7950X, costs $699 — $100 cheaper than the Ryzen 9 5950X at its 2020 launch during the earlier days of the pandemic. AMD also offers $549 7900X, $399 7700X and $299 7600X models that run at slower clock speeds and don't have as many of the new Zen 4 processing cores. AMD also will continue selling its 2-year-old 5000 products in lower priced machines.

For anyone in the market for a high-end machine, it's good news. AMD has been carving away sales from Intel, and the new models will keep the pressure on its rival. And it could reduce the temptations some Windows PC users might feel to switch to Macs with Apple's efficient M1 and M2 processors.

"AMD is giving the gaming and content creation crowd exactly what it's asking for — better performance or lower power at the same price," said Patrick Moorhead, an analyst at Moor Insights & Strategy.

Some of the credit for the speed boost goes to Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co., which builds the AMD designs on a newer 5nm line that's faster and more efficient with electrical power, helping to push the top clock speed of the chip up 800MHz to a peak of 5.7GHz, Papermaster said. Also deserving is the Zen 4 technology, which churns through 13% more programming instructions for each tick of the chip's click than Zen 3. 

New chip packaging techniques

More broadly, though, AMD has benefited from the "chiplet" approach it began with the first-generation Zen design in 2017, packaging multiple smaller processing elements into a single, larger processor.

Such chip packaging technology is moving to the forefront of processor innovation, as evidenced by Apple's M1 Ultra, which joins two M1 Max chips into a single larger processor, and Intel's 2023 Meteor Lake processor, which includes four separate processing tiles, three built by TSMC.

AMD Ryzen 7000 prices range from $299 to $699.

AMD

The Ryzen 9 5950X includes two chiplets, each with eight Zen 4 cores, and one chiplet for input-output tasks like communicating with memory. AMD will marry more of these eight-core chiplets for server processors it'll sell to data center customers later this year.

"With a desktop, you're going from eight cores to 16 cores," Papermaster said. "Think of a server going all the way up through 64 cores and many more than that in the server we're going to announce this fall."

Mobile versions of Zen 4-based processors are scheduled to arrive in laptops in 2023. AMD also plans a compact Zen 4C variation for cloud computing work in data centers that'll offer up to 128 processing cores in the first quarter of 2023. It sacrifices some clock speed for the ability to run lots of independent jobs in parallel.

Zen 4 based machines also benefit from other speed boosts:

• Faster interfaces to the rest of the computer, supporting DDR5 memory and PCI Express 5.0 links to devices like storage and graphics cards
• The new AM5 socket to plug into circuit boards, which the company will support through at least 2025 to ease upgrades for PC makers and customers 
• The ability to process AVX-512 instructions, which should speed up some software like image editors that employ artificial intelligence methods

A third dimension in chiplet packaging

AMD relies chiefly on a relatively straightforward side-by-side packaging approach for its mainstream chips. But it's added a more sophisticated third dimension to its packaging options, stacking high-speed cache memory on top of the processing cores. It began this approach, called 3D V-Cache, with a rarified top-end option for the earlier Zen 3 processors. 3D V-Cache models are on the way for the Zen 4 generation, too, though Papermaster wouldn't say when they'll arrive.

Packaging flexibility has been crucial to AMD. For example, TSMC builds the Zen 4 processing chiplets on its latest 5nm manufacturing process but uses the cheaper, older 6nm process for the chiplet handling input-output functions.

The approach means AMD can spend money more judiciously, since the using the newest process raises the cost of a chip's basic circuitry element, the transistor.

"The cost per transistor is going up, and it's going to continue to go up in every generation," Papermaster said. "That's why chiplets have been so important."

AMD's Ryzen 9 7950X plugs into motherboards with a new AM5 socket, a more capable interface that AMD plans to use through at least 2025.

AMD

AMD will also use chiplets built with TSMC's 5nm technology for its next generation RDNA3 graphics, the foundation of its upcoming Radeon graphics processors, CEO Lisa Su said during AMD's Ryzen 7000 launch event Monday. Showing off a prototype, she said RDNA3 offers 50% better power efficiency, an important consideration for gamers trying to run software without overheating their PCs. The Ryzen 7000 processors have more basic RDNA2 graphics built in, useful for booting up machines and other basic tasks but expected to be supplemented by more powerful, separate graphics chips.

Don't count Intel out

AMD has succeeded in part through its chiplet strategy, but it's also benefited from Intel's major difficulties advancing its manufacturing over the better part of a decade. That advantage might not last much longer.

Intel expects its own manufacturing technology to match rivals by 2024 and surpass them by 2025, in the view of Chief Executive Pat Gelsinger. And it's been working for years on its own packaging technologies. Where AMD's 3D V-Cache is a pricey rarity, Intel will stack chip elements in its mainstream 2023 Meteor Lake PC processor using a technology called Foveros.

"Intel has more diverse and technically advanced options" when it comes to chiplet packaging, Tirias Research analyst Kevin Krewell said.

Another Intel advantage is the combination of performance cores and efficiency cores, an approach cribbed from the smartphone market that better balances speed and battery life. That's in Intel's current processor, Alder Lake.

Intel declined to comment.

Could Intel build AMD chips?

If Intel succeeds in its current ambitions, it could one day be building AMD chiplets. That's because Gelsinger launched a new foundry business which, like TSMC and Samsung, builds chips for others.

AMD once built its own processors but spun that off as the business now called GlobalFoundries. Papermaster wouldn't comment directly on what it would take to sign on with Intel Foundry Services but said it requires trustworthy foundry partners with proven capability and a good working partnership.

"We would love to see more diversity in the foundry ecosystem," Papermaster said.

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Dell Puts Cutting-Edge Intel CPU, CAMM Memory in Precision Laptops

Dell Puts Cutting-Edge Intel CPU, CAMM Memory in Precision Laptops

Following the announcements Dell made earlier this month, the company expands the Precision mobile workstation and Latitude business laptop lines with additional models incorporating notable new technologies: a "collaboration touchpad," Intel's rumored 55-watt H series mobile processor and the company's semi-proprietary CAMM, which stands for compression attached memory module, as an alternative to SODIMM. They all come with the updated version of Dell Optimizer previously announced.

The Latitude 9330 is a 13-inch version of the 9430 launched in early April, but it also tosses in a twist. Its "collaboration touchpad" -- and I put it in quotation marks because the moniker makes it sound like a bigger deal than it is -- shrinks the touchable area and tosses up virtual buttons for mic mute, video toggling, screen sharing and chat in Zoom meetings. They disappear and release the space for touchpad use when the meeting ends.

By ditching the industry-standard SODIMM slots in favor of its Compression Attached Memory Module, Dell can fit the same 128GB RAM into a single module that's 57% thinner.

Dell

The 16-inch Precision 7670 and 17-inch 7770 will be configurable with up to Intel's 12th-gen Core i9, the rumored Alder Lake HX CPU with a boosted power draw of 55 watts over the H-series i9's 45w. The extra power probably goes to the extra performance cores: It will likely have eight cores compared to the HK version of the processor's six (plus the same eight efficient cores, for a total of 24 threads), similar to the desktop version of the chip. 

Both offer Dell's new CAMM (Compression Attached Memory Module), which replaces the pairs of slotted SODIMM DDR5 modules with a single flat board. The CAMM models will ship first, but Dell will subsequently offer models with plain old SODIMMs. And if you want ECC memory, you're still having to use the SODIMMs. 

The company says CAMM's more accessible for repairs and upgrades, but as far as I can tell, if it fails you have to swap in a complete module rather than a pair of SODIMMs. In other words, if you have 128GB RAM and a single chip fails, you have to replace the entire thing rather than just 64GB, which is likely a lot cheaper. That's not an unusual issue with new memory types and capacities, though. 

And while Dell plans to push CAMM as an industry standard, at the moment it sounds like Dell's the only source for replacement modules and it's not clear how the prices will compare. Plus, it's not a given that CAMM will be accepted as a standard. (Hence my calling it "semi-proprietary.") That may make it a little too bleeding edge for some corporate customers or risk-averse creatives. 

On the other hand, the company's launching the Dell Lifecycle Hub, to relieve some of the burden on whomever in your company (or home office) administers and repairs your owned or leased Dell commercial products.

Dell plans to offer two versions of the 7670, thin and performance, depending upon your GPU choice: Thin comes with up to an Nvidia RTX A1000, while performance goes up to an RTX A5500 or RTX 3080 Ti. "Thin" shaves 0.1 inch (2.8mm) and 2.4 ounces (700g) off the higher end configurations.

There's no pricing yet for the new products. The Latitude 9330 ships in June, while the others are slated to ship by the end of July.

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Apple's M2 MacBook Air Available for Preorder Starting July 8

Apple's M2 MacBook Air Available for Preorder Starting July 8

Apple's new MacBook Air with M2 chip will be available to order on Friday starting at 5 a.m. PT, the tech giant said on Wednesday. Orders are expected to start arriving at customers' locations on July 15. 

The M2 MacBook Air, which was unveiled in June at Apple's Worldwide Developers Conference, features the company's next-gen Apple Silicon chip, a fanless body in four color options and a 13.6-inch Liquid Retina display. 

Apple said its M2 chip brings improved speed and efficiency to the new MacBook Air. The M2 makes "intensive workloads like editing complex timelines in Final Cut Pro" nearly 40% faster than the previous generation and applying "filters and effects in apps like Adobe Photoshop" up to 20% faster, Apple said. 

The M2 MacBook Air starts at $1,199 (£1,249, AU$1,899) with an eight-core CPU and eight-core GPU, 8GB of memory and a 256GB solid-state drive. There's also a $1,499 version with an eight-core CPU and 10-core GPU, 8GB of memory and a 512GB SSD. 

The redesigned laptop will be available to order on Apple's website and in the Apple Store app. It's available in available in four colors: silver, space gray, starlight and midnight.

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This story is part of WWDC 2022, CNET's complete coverage from and about Apple's annual developers conference.

Apple on Monday debuted the new M2 processor, a chip that improves core processing performance 18% over the M1 without hurting battery life in the company's new MacBook Air and 13-inch MacBook Pro laptops.

The 18% speed boost comes from the M2's redesigned central processing units. The processor has four fast CPU cores and four efficient cores, a hybrid approach drawn from the smartphone world. By redesigning the graphics processing units and increasing their count up to a maximum of 10 instead of eight for the M1, GPU performance is 35% faster. Overall, the new MacBook Air is 20% faster at Photoshop image editing and 38% faster at Final Cut Pro video editing, Apple said.

"We continue to have a relentless focus on power-efficient performance," Johny Srouji, Apple hardware team leader, said at the Worldwide Developers Conference.

Power efficiency is crucial to shrinking laptops since the biggest component is the battery. The new MacBook Airs take up 20% less volume but still have a long, 18-hour battery life, Apple said. The company also is using the M2 in a new 13-inch MacBook Pro.

Apple's M2 processor has large amounts of high-speed cache memory built onto the chip itself and up to 24MB of regular memory included in the chip package, two attributes that should boost performance over Apple's 2020-era M1.

Apple/Screenshots by Stephen Shankland/CNET

The M2 processor also has a significant memory boost, reaching up to 24GB instead of 16GB for the M1. Memory is important, especially as software gets bigger and laptops have years-long lifespans. M series chips build memory directly into the processor package for fast performance, but it's not upgradable.

Apple debuted the M1 at 2020's WWDC and began shipping it later that year in the earlier version of the MacBook Air. The M1, along with beefier successors called the M1 Pro, M1 Max and M1 Ultra, struck an effective balance between performance and battery life and earned strong reviews.

The M2 doubles down on the same balanced approach, offering updated processing cores that are variants of the chips at the heart of newer iPhones. The new chips continue the gradual ejection of Intel processors from the Mac family of personal computers and could enable the last Intel-powered member, the Mac Pro, to switch to Apple chips.

Designing processors is an expensive, difficult undertaking. But with the M series chips, Apple takes advantage of the A series chip design work it already does for its iPhones and iPads, then pays Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co. to build the chips on its advanced product lines. 

The M2 is built on TSMC's 5nm (5 nanometer) manufacturing process, but it's an improved version to the one used for the M1. TSMC is working on a more advanced 3nm process that should let customers squeeze in somewhat more transistors, the core electronics elements that process data on a chip.

The M2 has 20 billion transistors, a 25% increase over the M1, Apple said.

One use of the new transistors is the increased GPU count. Another is an upgraded neural engine -- a chip block used to accelerate artificial intelligence workloads. The new 16-core neural engine can perform 15.8 trillion operations per second, Apple said, a 40% speed boost.

With its own chips, Apple gets more control over the technology foundation of its products -- a principle important to Chief Executive Tim Cook. That includes both the processor itself, with specific features like AI acceleration, video encoding, and security, and the software Apple writes to take advantage of those features.

Apple's M series and A series chips are members of the Arm processor family. UK-based Arm licenses designs that companies can customize to varying degrees. Arm chips from Qualcomm, Apple, MediaTek, Samsung, Google and others power just about every smartphone for sale.

The Apple M2 processor is significantly larger than the M1. That increases manufacturing costs. Apple raised prices for its M2-based MacBook Air laptops.

Apple/Screenshot by Stephen Shankland/CNET

Intel has struggled over most of the last decade with problems advancing its manufacturing. That stalled its progress while Apple, Qualcomm, AMD, Nvidia and other Intel rivals took advantage of TSMC's manufacturing progress.

Because Apple doesn't offer its chips to others, and because the majority of PCs use Intel processors, Intel is somewhat insulated from Apple's shift. Intel is working to modernize its manufacturing, spending tens of billions of dollars on new chipmaking fabs. Intel aims to reclaim its lead over rivals TSMC and Samsung in 2024.

Intel's newest PC processor, code-named Alder Lake, embraces the same mix of high-performance and high-efficiency CPU cores found in smartphone chips and Apple's M series chips. Future products are designed to improve GPU performance, in particular with Intel's renewed focus on high-end graphics that's designed to wean the company from reliance on AMD and Nvidia. That's important for one big market, gaming, where PCs with Intel and AMD processors are much more widely used than Macs.

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Best Laptop Deals: Save $300 on MSI Prestige 14, $500 on HP Spectre x360 16 and More

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Best Laptop Deals: Save $300 on MSI Prestige 14, $500 on HP Spectre x360 16 and More

Whether you are looking for a new laptop for heading back to school in the fall or just an upgrade for browsing at home, there are plenty of sales right now that can save you some money. There are a number of great deals on laptops with Intel's previous 11th-generation (and very capable) Core processors, and you can also save on newer models with Intel's current chip family, the 12th-gen Core chips code-named Alder Lake. 

Here are the best deals we see right now at Amazon, Best Buy and Newegg. We regularly update this list as sales expire and new deals emerge.

More laptop and PC deals

With an efficient and capable AMD Ryzen 7 5700U CPU and 12GB of RAM, this 15.6-inch IdeaPad model serves up a better processor and more memory than usually found at this price. You also get a 512GB SSD, which is double the 256GB SSDs common to budget laptops. And the display serves up a Full HD resolution, which isn't always a given at this price. It comes with Windows 11 Home in S Mode, which is the "walled garden" version of Windows 11 that's geared toward students and lets you install software only from the official Windows app store. It also requires you to use Microsoft's Edge browser.

Newegg

Dell's entry-level Inspiron has an admittedly drab, plastic chassis, but it serves up a full-HD (1,920x1,080-pixel), 15.6-inch touch display powered by an 11th-gen, quad-core Core i5 processor along with 16GB of RAM and a huge 1TB SSD. That's double the memory and storage space you usually find at this price.

Samsung

Samsung's midrange Galaxy Book delivers a sleek, all-metal chassis at a price where plastic enclosures are usually on order. Inside, this 15.6-inch laptop is powered by an 11th-gen Core i7 CPU, 16GB of RAM and a 512GB SSD. The touch display is only so-so, but the Galaxy Book is otherwise a great value with its high style and solid mix of components at Best Buy's current sale price.

Newegg

This budget-to-midrange laptop from HP may have an uninspired plastic enclosure, but if you care more about screen size, memory allotment and storage space than you do about a sleek design, then this model is worth checking out. It should offer decent performance, too, with double the RAM and solid-state storage usually included on most other laptops at this price. At this price, you can usually find 16GB of RAM and a 512GB SSD, but sometimes less. In that light, the 32GB of memory and the 1TB SSD here are downright thrilling. You also get a full-HD (1,920x1,080-pixel) resolution for the roomy 17.3-inch display.

MSI

MSI's version of the MacBook boasts a thin, sleek, all-aluminum enclosure and has been updated with 12th-gen Intel processors. This model is $150 off at Newegg and features a 12th-gen Core i5 processor, 16GB of RAM and a 512GB SSD. You also get a pair of Thunderbolt 4 ports. The 14-inch display features a full HD resolution but has the older 16:9 widescreen aspect ratio rather than the taller 16:10 ratio that provides more room to work. Still, this is a thin, light and rugged laptop and it's a great deal at its current sale price.

Josh Goldman/CNET

We reviewed the 16-inch Spectre x360 and called it a "big, luxurious two-in-one for creatives." It has since been updated with 12th-gen Intel Core processors while maintaining its good looks and roomy display. While an OLED panel is an option on some models, this unit features a standard IPS panel but one with an impressive 3,072x1,920 resolution and a 16:10 aspect ratio. You also get a 12th-gen Core i7 CPU, 16GB of RAM and a 512GB SSD. The RAM is sufficient for the price, but creative pros may balk at missing out on 1TB of storage. Still, it's a great deal with a $500 discount right now at Best Buy.

Read our HP Spectre x360 16 review.

Sarah Tew/CNET

Most 17-inch laptops are gaming monsters. The LG Gram 17 is neither a gaming laptop nor a monster. It lacks dedicated graphics to drive 3D games but is only 0.7 inch thick and weighs less than 3 pounds, making this 17.3-inch desktop replacement roughly the same weight as your typical 13.3-inch ultraportable. The spacious 2,560x1,600-pixel display is powered by an 11th-gen Core i7 CPU, 16GB of RAM and integrated Intel Iris Plus graphics. You also get a roomy 1TB SSD for storage and can save more than $300 on it right now.

Read our LG Gram 16 review.

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